Geographic Setting and Groundwater Table Control Carbon Emission from Indonesian Peatland: A Meta-Analysis

Peat restoration is a key climate mitigation action for achieving Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) emission reduction target. The level of carbon reduction resulting from peat restoration is uncertain, owing in part to diverse methodologies and land covers. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the impact of rewetting on reduction of total CO2 in soil and heterotrophic emissions at the country level. The tier 2 emission factor associated with the land cover category in Indonesia was also calculated. The analysis included a total of 32 studies with 112 observations (data points) for total CO2 emissions and 31 observations for heterotrophic emissions in Indonesia. The results show that the land cover category is not a significant predictor of heterotrophic and total soil emissions, but the highest observed soil emissions were found in the plantation forest. Using the random-effects model, our results suggest that an increase in the water table depth of 10 cm would result in an increase in total CO2 emissions of 2.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1 and an increase in heterotrophic emissions of 2.3 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1. Our findings show that managing water table depth in degraded peatlands in various land cover types is important to achieve Indonesia’s emission reduction target by 2030

Review of Socio-Economic Development Pathway Scenarios for Climate Change Adaptation in Indonesia: Disaster Risk Reduction Perspective

The work of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on a Special Report on Emission Scenarios has pioneered the methods for greenhouse gas emission scenario associated with socio-economic development pathways in the coming century, followed by other models such as the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) in climate change and disaster risk. This scenario is useful to understand how human society develops the future assessment of climate change and to provide possible mitigation and response strategies. This chapter is aimed to review the current status of socio-economic scenario on climate change and disaster and risk reduction effort in scholarly literatures and to identify gaps and opportunities for future research and decision-making based on the reflection of existing Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) theories and emblematic case studies. We have conducted a semi-structured literature review and content analysis. The result of our analysis revealed that there is still a dearth of study on the application of different models of socio-economic forecasting scenarios to understand how would each pathway affect the vulnerability of certain type of disaster and its potential as a decision-making tool in Indonesia. However, there are opportunities to expand the methods and define socio-economic variables that go beyond the economic indicators (i.e. GDP), such as of welfare, health, education, social capital human development, participation and technology. Challenges are also identified, including the limitation of methodology, availability of data, lack of synergy between CCA and DRR, lack of interdisciplinarity, space for science–policy interface and political support. Future research on SSPs should pay attention to the aspect of multi-hazard approaches to climate change impact, emerging technology and its adverse impacts. We argued that projection is a highly important tool; however, largely reliable at the global scale rather than regional or national scale. To understand that climate variability and change is high, it is important to raise self-awareness on adaptation to future disasters